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Bắc Kạn
Bắc Kạn () is the capital of Bắc Kạn Province, Vietnam. The province's only town, it is bordered by Bạch Thông District to the north, northeast and west and Chợ Mới District to the southeast and southwest.〔Jean Michaud, Tim Forsyth ''Moving Mountains: Ethnicity and Livelihoods in Highland China, Vietnam, and Laos'' 2011 "Bắc Kạn province, a predominantly Tày area"〕
The town traces its origins to a fort established in 1880. It is divided into four wards: Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai, Đức Xuân, Sông Cầu and Phùng Chí Kiên, and 4 communes: Huyền Tụng, Dương Quang, Nông Thượng, Xuất Hóa.
==History==
Bắc Kạn (chữ nôm: 北𣴓) was established as a fort in 1880 for troops of the Nguyễn government during the 1878 revolt of Li Yung Choï (Vietnamese: Lý Dương Tài) coincident with the Black Flag Army. Following Li's capture and decapitation, the remains of his group reformed under Liu Zhiping (Vietnamese: Lục Chi Bình) and with 5,000 men attacked the fort defended by 300 Annamite soldiers in 1881.〔Bradley Camp Davis, ''States of banditry: The Nguyen government, bandit rule, and the culture of power in the post-Taiping China-Vietnam borderlands.'' 2008 University of Washington Page 84 "Lục Chi Bình" Page 213 "De Kergaradec to Lafont, 22/Juli/1880; AGC13038: "Rapports du Consul de France a Hanoi, Renseignements sur la Bande Chinoise de Luc chi Binh, sur la Recolte des riz, et sur le voyage de la 'Massue' au Haut Fleuve Rouge."〕〔Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel ''La question du Tonkin'' in ''Revue bleue - Revue politique et littéraire'' 1883 Page 679 pamphlet Page 91 "de la bande de Ly-Yung-Choï se reformèrent sous le commandement d'un chef appelé Luc-Chi-Binh. Secondé par des sauvages des tribus voisines, ce chef attaqua, avec 5,000 ou 6,000 hommes, le fort de Bac-Can, défendu par 300 soldats annamites, et s'en empara après une assez vive résistance; ce fort, situé à trois journées de marche au nord de Thaï-Nguyên, avait été établi quelques mois auparavant pour servir de centre aux troupes chargées de maintenir l'ordre dans toute cette région mal famée. La levée de boucliers de Luc-Chi-Binh n'offrait aucun danger politique sérieux; mais Hoang exagérait à dessein l'importance de ce mouvement, et s'en servait comme d'argument pour essayer de démontrer à... "〕
The town of Bắc Kạn was one of the early headquarters of the Viet Minh in the war against the French. Jean-Étienne Valluy aimed to surround the area and capture the town in Operation Léa between 7 October and 22 December 1947.〔Anthony James Joes, ''Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions That Shaped Our World'' 2010 Page 102 - "Nevertheless, in October 1947, CEF commanding General Jean-Etienne Valluy launched Operation LEA: the aim was to surround the Viet Bac and then capture the Viet Minh Army and political headquarters in the town of Bac Kan."〕 A parachute drop caught the Viet Minh by surprise and seized letters left on the desk of Ho Chi Minh.〔Davidson, Philip, ''(Vietnam at War: The History, 1946-1975 )'', pp. 47-48.〕 Both Ho and Vo Nguyen Giap escaped only by hiding in camouflaged holes nearby.〔 It was also an area of fighting between the communists and Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng armed forces.〔Van Dao Hoang, ''Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang: A Contemporary History'' Page 407 2008 "Meanwhile, the Communists mobilized their troops from Bắc Giang, Bắc Kạn, and Thái Nguyên (a total of 5,000 troops) to attack the VQAF in Ban Hoc〕
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